Social studies teachers are charged with the task of developing students' understandings as students engage in critical examination of social studies issues and topics. Teachers often use test items from textbooks or instructional resources, or create their own classroom assessments with no specific pedagogical foundation. All too often, these assessment items require a recall of information and not the higher-level process skills that social studies teachers try to inculcate in their students. Teachers should strive to create assessments that require students to make inferences and exhibit critical thinking skills. Designing and delivering instructional experiences and assessments that incorporate higher-level thinking skills are important for improving student achievement as well as developing students that are strategic in their thinking and planning. Teachers can implement several strategies that enhance the rigor and cognitive complexity of instructional experiences and assessment items. The use of graphics, scenarios, and quotes can help social studies teachers conquer the challenge of creating higher-level assessments that incorporate the use of critical thinking skills. (Contains 3 figures and 10 notes.)