This study aimed to facilitate a better understanding of the psychological characteristics of maltreated children by comparing attachment representations between maltreated and non-maltreated pre-schoolers. Participants included 46 maltreated and 48 non-maltreated (children for whom evidence of maltreatment has not been identified or reported) pre-schoolers. The Attachment Story Completion Task was used to evaluate attachment representation; the Maltreatment Classification System was used to assess abuse type and chronicity. There was a difference in the contents of the attachment representations and distribution of attachment types between the two groups. Secure attachment in maltreated pre-schoolers was significantly lower than that in non-maltreated pre-schoolers whereas insecure-avoidant and disorganized attachment were higher. The likelihood of insecure attachment was higher when the abuse type was complex abuse and the abuse chronicity and severity were high. This study is meaningful as it investigated the developmental psychological consequences of trauma in Korean children.