The relevance of this study is attributable to the influence of ancient school on the further development of European education. The focus of the publication is the organization of learning process in Latin schools. The historiographic base of the research is represented by profound scientific works on the history of pedagogy. Among them are the studies of T. Mommsen, K. Schmidt, J. Ussing, J. Paroz, L. Winniczuk and G. Zhurakovsky. The source base is represented by original works of Roman poets and theologians, including those with a memoir context: works of Seneca and Pliny the Younger, studies and letters of Quintilian, Tacitus, Cicero, Plutarch, Suetonius, literary works of Martial, Horace, Ausonius, Plautus, Apuleius. The publication presents a comprehensive review of the education system of ancient Rome: the main types of educational institutions are identified, the contents of the education is revealed, the methods and means of teaching activity are indicated, the role of physical influence on pupils in the Latin school is specified. Some innovative approaches of Roman school, which are still relevant nowadays are specified -- the organization of educational competitions, rewards for successes, group methods of work, practical approach to the content of education (on the principle of reproduction of connections to life), thoughts paraphrasing, phonological exercises, etc. In the end, it is concluded that three-tiered Roman education consistently provided students with knowledge relevant to their time. Under the Republic, its content was aimed at future success in the realization of private, public or state affairs. Moreover, a characteristic feature in middle and higher stages of Roman school was bilingualism.