In this article, optimal resource theory (ORT) is introduced as a research framework to enhance student outcomes and inform best-practices in schools. ORT uses historical research perspectives and limitations from existing theories to inform its development. ORT principles are described and a national dataset is used to demonstrate the efficacy of ORT. Specifically, data from the Special Educational Elementary Longitudinal Study are used to examine the predictive power of literacy-related teaching decisions on reading achievement for average to above-average Black males with disabilities. Results highlight the importance of making strategic instructional decisions and the need to carefully examine common classroom-based teaching strategies for assumed versus actual contributions to Black male achievement for students with disabilities.