In the past four decades, marketization and modernization in China have led to conflict between economic development and the protection of ethnic minority cultures. In response, a growing number of scholars have focused on issues related to education and ethnicity in China. This article describes and analyzes how these scholars researched education and ethnicity between 1990 and 2014. Six research themes are identified: educational policy, multicultural education, minority cultural heritage in school, ideological-political education, multilingual education, and teachers and teacher education. The final section discusses how education scholars could improve future research on education and ethnicity in China.