Through analyzing the relationship between building disciplines and developing talent, this study asserts that building world-class disciplines is the foundation of building world-class universities, and training doctoral students is a necessary part of developing disciplines. The quality of such training is an important metric of world-class disciplines. In addition, scientific research is the essential way to train doctoral students. Therefore, the experience of doctoral students participating in research can be an important criterion for evaluating the quality of doctoral student training. Based on the tasks of building world-class disciplines in China and the conditions and requirements for training doctoral students, the authors establish a framework for analyzing the relationship between the two. Using a questionnaire survey, they begin with doctoral students' training environment and research experience to understand their perceptions of advisor guidance, resource platforms, research culture, capacity development, and training models. The authors examine the urgent problems facing doctoral student training in China to improve training quality and provide a reference for promoting the development of world-class disciplines. [This article was translated by Michelle LeSourd.]