The degree to which individuals with cochlear implants (CIs) experience communication difficulties has implications for social participation and identity development. However, few studies have examined the relationship between cochlear implantation, identity, and social participation. Using data from a Danish national survey of deaf adults, the authors examined the significance of having (or not having) a CI in regard to identity (categorized as deaf, hearing, bicultural, and marginal) and various related factors concerning social participation and experiences of being deaf. Cochlear implantation was found to be associated with type of identity, type and quality of friendships and social activities, and feelings of limitation attributed to hearing loss. Age was a significant factor: These associations were mainly found among participants older than age 25 years. The authors discuss the results in dialogue with the concept of social identity and the history of the bilingual/bicultural tradition in Denmark.