The aim of this study was to investigate whether students with differing goal achievement orientations were more likely to engage in on-task or off-task mobile device usage, as well as whether particular devices (specifically, laptops and smartphones) have a positive or negative relationship with specific task usage. The results of this study found the mastery approach goal achievement orientation to be negatively associated with off-task device usage, and the mastery avoidance goal achievement orientation to be positively associated with on-task usage behaviors. In addition, it was found that on-task behaviors were positively associated with laptop usage, while off-task behaviors were positively associated with smartphone usage. This study focused on student behavior in a higher education classroom, although the results may be applicable in any context in which users of personal electronic and internet-enabled devices are focused on specific learning objectives.