This review of the literature examines the process of matching students with band instruments as presented in academic research journals and practitioner publications. While some directors may evaluate the potential impact of students' physical characteristics such as lip size and shape, teeth and jaw structure, body build, and so forth, other sources have cited the importance of fine- and gross-motor coordination, aural skills acuity, music aptitude, timbre preference, motivation, personality, and environmental influences. A few empirical studies have suggested a positive impact on student achievement and retention when professional educators assist students in selecting instruments. Despite conflicting information, helping students match their gifts to specific instruments deserves careful study and more attention from those who assist students in selecting instruments. Motivation to play a particular instrument is a strong factor in predicting success and persistence. Some suggestions for possible approaches to clear up some of the ambiguity are provided.