The new Institute of Medicine/National Research Council report, "Transforming the Workforce for Children From Birth Through Age 8: A Unifying Foundation" (2015), begins with a summary of the science of early development and learning, with particular attention to discoveries during the past 15 years since the publication of "From Neurons to Neighborhoods" (National Research Council & Institute of Medicine, 2000). This article summarizes what has been learned during this period and its implications for practitioners who work with young children. New advances include better understanding of the scientific foundations for learning that develop during the first 3 years, the realization that early learning is more than just acquiring cognitive skills, knowledge of the influence of chronic stress and the significance of early relationships, and new understanding of the interaction of biology and environment in early learning.