Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASDs) is an umbrella term that describes a variety of conditions characterized by a pattern of atypical facial features, growth restriction, structural physical abnormalities, and brain dysfunction resulting from prenatal alcohol exposure. Studies suggest that the prevalence of FASDs ranges between 2-5% (of the general population) to 16% (of the child welfare population), but FASDs are often underdiagnosed in infants and toddlers, resulting in missed opportunities for intervention and treatment. Early diagnosis of an FASD is dependent on the identification of the salient physical and behavioral features associated with a history of prenatal alcohol exposure, and optimal outcomes for children with FASDs can be fostered in the context of responsive, stable caregiving, with the provision of developmental and behavioral supports through the lifespan.