Introduction: This study aims at analyzing whether EFs may predict the SP of children from different low socioeconomic strata, having controlled the effects of age and socioeconomic status (SES). Method: The sample included 178 Argentine children of both genders (52% boys), between 6 and 10 years of age, belonging to the upper-low SES (41%), lower-low SES (39%) and marginal SES (20%). The children were evaluated by means of a battery of neuropsychological EF and school achievement tests. Results: The proposed model accounted for 69% of the SP of the children. EFs were the most significant direct predictor and, in addition, mediated the relationship between SES and SP. Conclusion: In line with previous findings, these results indicate that the impoverishment of family material and sociocultural conditions is associated with a lower EF performance among children, which negatively impacts their SP.