The article is devoted to the analytical understanding of the problems in the field of realisation and protection of the rights of children in Russia to identify and highlight existing problems in order to try to remove shortcomings and embark on further development and improvement of the legal and social mechanisms for the protection of children's rights. It analyses the modern legal and conceptual aspects of the current system of implementation mechanisms for the protection of human rights, during which a number of shortcomings and gaps in family laws and the system of legal protection of minors are found. It identifies certain shortcomings and contradictions in the development of modern Russian legal theory and doctrine in the field of realisation and protection of the rights of the child, protection of motherhood and childhood in general. It explores specific aspects of relationships of family, school, society, human rights frameworks practical protection of the rights of the child and his or her right to live in a family. Scientific novelty and originality consists in identifying the main challenges and the importance of the family and family environment for socialization and upbringing of the child, for his or her moral and legal level of development, to create guarantees and protection of the rights of the child at home, at school, in the community as part of the mechanism of realisation and protection of the rights of the child. The proposal is made for the establishment of a protection of the rights of the child by bringing together all stakeholders on the direction and control of the Commissioner for children's rights in the territory of each constituent entity of the Russian Federation with a view to improving efficiency in the interaction of state and non-state structures of society in the protection of children's rights.