The purpose of this research is to explore the social competence and temperament of 4-6 age group children attending pre-school education institutions, to identify whether their social competence levels vary by gender, and to show the relationship between the sub-dimensions of social competence and those of temperament. The study group consists of n = 148 female children and n = 180 male children in 4-6 age group receiving pre-school education. The data were collected via the Social Competence and Behavior Evaluation Scale-SCBE 30 and the Short Temperament Scale for Children. The data were analyzed via independent-samples t-test and Pearson's correlation coefficient. The findings were evaluated at 0.05-0.001 significance level. The research findings indicated that children's social competence levels significantly vary by gender (p<05), and there are positive and negative significant relationships between the sub-dimensions of social competence and those of temperament (p<0.05, p<0.001). The findings of the research were discussed in the light of some research and literature, some suggestions have been made.