This study used ECLS-K 1998-1999 data to evaluate whether specific kindergarten teaching practices predicted school-year learning gains differently, depending on children's ethnicity, SES, and fall test scores. Exploratory factor analyses guided the creation of four literacy and five math instruction composites from teachers' reports of their teaching practices. The composites differentiated teaching activities that were child-centered versus skills-based and those that targeted basic versus advanced skills. Additionally, they served as predictors of year-end skill level in three-level hierarchical linear models. Literacy instruction composites showed no differential benefits. More frequent exposure to Applied Math (e.g., use math for word problems, use measuring instruments) was associated with higher average spring math scores among children who entered kindergarten with relatively high math skills but not among children who entered kindergarten with relatively low math skills.