As a judge, the author was continually confronted with offenders whose behavior was unexpected and surprising. This was observed not only during their criminal activity but during their travel through the criminal process. This behavior did not appear to be intentional, but rather an inappropriate response to the circumstances that existed at the time. This behavior reminded the author of the behavior of his two children who had been diagnosed with learning disabilities (LD) and attention deficit disorder (ADD). This collision of his personal and professional lives began a journey into the fascinating and complex world of neurobiology and its impact on the criminal justice system. In this paper, the author will discuss these disorders, their impact on the criminal justice system, their resulting costs to society and why new measures must be taken to address these issues appropriately.