This paper examines a number of theoretical principles governing second language teaching and learning and the ways in which these principles are being applied in 3D virtual worlds such as Second Life. Also examined are the benefits to language learning afforded by the Second Life interface, including access, the availability of native speakers of the target language, and the enhanced presence afforded by 3D virtual worlds as compared to multi-user object oriented domains and other chat interfaces that provide no sense of place. It is concluded that while an appropriate environment for communicative foreign language practice, not all students may be ready to meet the technological demands required by the use of Second Life.