In the contemporary knowledge-based global economy, universities are required to operate more entrepreneurially, commercializing the results of their research and spinning out new knowledge-based enterprises. In this article, the third in a series by the authors, case studies are presented of activities in three Egyptian universities to demonstrate what is being done in Egypt and the challenges Egyptian universities face when they attempt to collaborate with industry and contribute to the innovation process. The results reveal that such initiatives are often the result of external influences and are not embedded in the core strategic planning activity of the institutions in which they are located. Accordingly, they often have difficulty surviving after the initial project funding is ended, not least because the important partnership links with industry remain largely underdeveloped. The authors consider the implications of the findings for policy formulation and argue for a coherent strategy that embeds the "Third Mission" in the core activities of each institution and facilitates university-industry collaboration.