The importance is determined by insufficient knowledge of the problem while undergoing serious changes in the system of Muslim education not only in Russia but all over the world. Hence, the purpose of this article is to identify the experience of madrasahs--professional Muslim educational institutions of pre-revolutionary Russia, as its reflection, critical analysis and possible extrapolating will contribute to further improvement of the system of Islamic education and science. A leading approach to solving this problem is the author's concept of historical and pedagogical research, which was based on the logic and structure of pedagogical process in its modern sense. Following the named concept allows a logical and consistent way to identify, analyze, synthesize, and extrapolate historical and pedagogical experience in modern educational theory and practice. The results of the study illustrate that the madrasah of prerevolutionary Russia were prominent professional institutions. The organization of their pedagogical process in general contributed to the preparation of competent professionals. The article can be useful to teachers--the teachers of not only religious but also secular educational institutions, historians and culture experts.