This article provides an overview of how teacher quality and learning outcomes are included in national education policies. It responds to a set of specific questions focused on strategies to improve learning, links between teacher quality and learning outcomes, and how policy seeks to overcome learning obstacles for the most disadvantaged. The article uses data collated from the national education plans of forty developing countries. It includes a summary of key lessons and observations related to the inclusion of teaching and learning in education policy and a range of strategies that can support teaching and learning, both directly and indirectly.