Professional preparation in educational administration has been a university-based state requirement that oriented aspiring school administrators to the roles of principal or superintendent. Professional and state expectations for preparation, development, and credentialing are shifting as the complexity of leadership and administration has changed. Ongoing professional development, lifetime learning, and the continuous challenge of staying current in the increasingly complex field of education has shifted the sole responsibility of educational administration preparation from universities to a model of continuous training over the course of a professional career. This model includes pre-service preparation by universities and a mix of preparation over the course of one's career by universities and state approved professional associations and third party organizations.