The purpose of this study was to investigate the extent to which primary science teachers understand the new reform implemented in Turkey and to examine their perceptions regarding science instruction. Thus, it could be possible to show an accurate picture of what is currently happening in primary science classrooms and identify the kind of support primary science teachers may need. In this study, a survey was distributed to all in-service primary school science teachers in the area of Izmir, Turkey. The sample consisted of 389 primary science teachers from 72 primary schools. This study was carried out using quantitative and qualitative methodologies. The "Survey on K-12 Science Education" was used for collecting quantitative data. For collecting the qualitative data, primary science teachers were asked to specify the main goals in their teaching science and what would help them in achieving these goals. The results showed that they were not enough actively engaged in classroom science activities, and that they should be trained to apply more effective teaching approaches, and how to integrate science with other subject areas and real life.