The purpose of this review of literature is to examine the association of phthalate exposure with development. Phthalates are chemical compounds used in poly-vinyl chloride, PVC; vinyl flooring, cosmetics, shampoo, air fresheners, soft plastic items, intravenous tubing, food packaging and wraps, textiles, paints, cleaning products and detergents. The effects of phthalates on fetuses, newborns, infants, toddlers, school-aged children and adult subjects have been extensively researched. Multiple studies examined associations between phthalate exposure and physiological, cognitive and behavioral development of the subjects. The review of research examines the history of toxic chemical legislation, beginning with the 1976 Toxic Substances Control Act and the role of regulatory agencies in the United States, including the Environmental Protection Agency, EPA; the Consumer Product Safety Commission, CPSC; and the Food and Drug Administration.