Based on analysis of three federal agency databases and two researcher surveys, we did not find gender differences in federal grant funding outcomes, with two exceptions. First, we found a gender gap in the amount of funding on average that females receive relative to their male counterparts at NIH, although important caveats are associated with that finding. Second, we found a gender gap in subsequent application rates. Suggestions for future data gathering and analysis are discussed. (Contains 2 figures.) [This research brief describes work documented in "Gender Differences in Major Federal External Grant Programs," by Susan D. Hosek, Amy G. Cox, Bonnie Ghosh-Dastidar, Aaron Kofner, Nishal Ramphal, Jon Scott, and Sandra H. Berry.]