This paper presents estimates of the added costs and potential savings associated with reorganizing public education from the current unintegrated system to a fully integrated P-16 system. (P-16 systems are attempts to create a coherent, flexible system of public education that stretches from preschool through the fourth year of college.) Models for building the estimates are created for a hypothetical state with characteristics that, when multiplied by 50, would represent the country as a whole. The models, however, are based on work done in actual states and programs. The models explicitly link resources to objectives associated with particular levels of service or particular levels of performance. Using the models, the paper examines three primary components of the P-16 system likely to have cost implications: (1) the cost of providing universal prekindergarten services; (2) the cost of implementing a competency-based approach to student progress; and (3) the cost of restructuring the relationship between high schools and colleges. For each component, the paper presents a low-cost, medium-cost, and high-cost scenario, presented in tabular form. (WFA)