Four criteria that have been suggested to evaluate the effects of private schooling and education vouchers are: (1) freedom of choice; (2) productive efficiency; (3) equity; and (4) social cohesion. This study uses these criteria to evaluate some of the effects of Catholic schooling in the United States. Catholic schools are shown to increase the ability of Catholic families to promote Catholic values and beliefs. That is, Catholic schools increase the ability of Catholic families to provide a faith-based education for their children. The effect of Catholic schools on productive efficiency is mixed. Data from Illinois suggest that private-school competition does not improve the quality of public schooling. Further, national data indicate that Catholic schools at best only have modest positive effects on educational outcomes for white students. However, Catholic schools seem to have significant and substantial positive effects on educational outcomes for black and Hispanic students. For this reason, Catholic schools have favorable effects on equity. This study did not consider the issue of social cohesion. However, no related research suggests that Catholic schools are less efficient in producing a more cohesive society. Research indicates that Catholics are highly integrated into mainstream society. (Contains 46 references and 11 tables.) (Author/RT)