Reform of education, training, and human resource development is an integral part of the transition to a democratic society and market economy. Estonia has made progress in all these areas since reform began in 1990. The challenge for the Ministry of Education has been to promote and support changes that meet the needs of the new economy and society as well as the interests of all young people and adults, in the face of a shortage of financial and human resources. This book first gives a brief overview of regional issues and a history of education in Estonia and describes the development of education in the country since the political changes. The book then presents an analysis of the entire education system and identifies key directions for the reinforcement of the reforms in light of the challenges encountered by officials, communities, enterprises, educators, parents, and students under very dynamic conditions. It concludes with a set of key recommendations of goals of education, learning effectiveness, outcomes and the curriculum, management and governance for flexibility, responsiveness and change, and resources and financing. Chapters in the book are: (1) "Context"; (2) "Estonian Education System"; (3) "Pre-School and Primary and Secondary General Education"; (4) "Vocational Education and Training"; (5) "Higher Education"; and (6) "From Forward Thinking to Action." Each chapter includes data tables and notes. Contains a 22-item selected bibliography. (BT)