The International Project "What Education for What Citizenship?", covering about 40 countries, is the first project ever conceived on such a scale and having a truly cross-cultural character. This publication discusses methods used to address some major questions related to increasing the relevance and efficiency of citizenship education. Discussion throughout is placed in the context of two major universalizing global trends: (1) the generalization of the free market economy, together with policies aimed at fast development; and (2) political transitions towards the establishment of democratic regimes. After describing the activities of the project and the need for citizenship education, a framework for building the concept of citizenship and the nature of citizenship education is presented. Four main content dimensions of citizenship education are reviewed: human rights, democracy, development, and peace. Five main criteria to approach citizenship education are identified: pluralism, a multi-level perspective, institutional wholeness, integrative and holistic approaches, and cultural relevance. Organization of messages, teaching/learning strategies, and learning processes are key implementation concerns discussed. Finally, strategies by which information on citizenship and education should be distributed are provided. The publication contains a listing of major research findings that need extended cross-cultural verification. (LZ)