A review of the literature on writing in a non-native or second language looked at empirical research, responded to a series of questions on the state of the art, and identified an agenda for future research. The questions addressed these issues: how writing ability in a non-native language (NNL) develops: whether there are developmental stages; levels of writing skill development that can be expected at different stages of NL learning; the relationship between development of NNL writing ability and other NNL skills; the relationship of the process of NNL writing and the first-language writing process; the intersection of language skills and composing skills; the influence of native culture and cultural experience on NNL writing; the effects of instruction on development of and performance in NNL writing; and the issues of affect, including identity and voice, specific to NNL writing. Analysis led to identification of research priorities in the areas of sampling, methodology, and topics. Recommendations include the following: broader age sampling and research on second languages other than English; greater attention to diglossia, code-switching, computer use, and affective issues; and more longitudinal studies and attention to specificity and context of writing tasks. A 134-item bibliography is included. (MSE)