The theory and evidence of the consequences of high fertility in Pakistan are reviewed in this paper. Several data sets are analyzed to examine the effects of the number of children on school participation and labor participation in urban Pakistan. Other data are utilized to examine the effects of children on savings in urban and rural areas. Results show that the number of children negatively affects the schooling of girls, but not boys. The number of boys and girls in the household have differential effects on women's labor participation while female children, but not males, affect adult male's participation. Children, ages 6-15, have negative effects on rural savings, but less effect in urban areas. In general, the effects of high fertility for households in Pakistan seem more negative than in many countries. This may explain the high proportion of women who say they want no more children. Why so few of these women use contraception is more difficult to explain. (Author)