Data were collected to determine how Project Head Start can ensure that (1) local programs will provide services to the maximum number of children and families possible; (2) the children and families served will be those who most need the program; and (3) those needing and receiving services will most benefit from the program. Information was obtained through in-depth case studies conducted at nine selected sites and a telephone survey conducted with a nationally representative, stratified random sample of 74 programs. After an executive summary, this report describes the purpose and background of the study and study methods, and reports the findings from the telephone survey and the in-depth study. Four appendices provide the telephone survey questions and response distributions, the case study reports of the in-depth study (bound separately), a synopsis of instruments used, and a report on research design. The case studies represent seven of the Head Start administrative regions and include both urban and rural settings. Each case study report describes the program and the community or communities in which the program operates. Among other information, details are given of recruitment efforts and the process for selecting families and children for program participation. Each case study concludes with observations from the perspective of the study staff. (RH)