Ph.D. productivity was evaluated, with attention to the educational background of male and female degree recipients, as well as differences in colleges identified as the most productive. There were 1,513 U.S. institutions with at least one graduate who earned a Ph.D. between 1961 and 1980. While women earned an increasingly large share of the Ph.D.s awarded, they continued to be concentrated in the humanities, social sciences, and education. The Ph.D.s earned by men were much more evenly spread across the major fields, with the largest proportion in the empirical sciences. Men earned a larger number of Ph.D.s than women, a larger proportion of men earning baccalaureate degrees went on to attain the Ph.D., and a greater number of undergraduate colleges had men graduates who earned a Ph.D. School size was an important factor in total Ph.D. production but several relatively small institutions were among the top 5% rankings for Ph.D. production for both men and women. Selectivity (as measured by average Scholastic Aptitude Test or American College Testing program scores) was related to productivity adjusted for size, but several colleges with lower average scores were among those highly ranked for Ph.D. productivity. Extensive statistical findings are included. (SW)