Undertaken at the request of House and Senate committees with responsibility for Indian affairs and government health programs, this study examines the health status of Indians and the services and technologies that are provided to them through Federal Indian health programs. The first half of the report contains background information and the population eligible for care from the Indian Health Service (IHS), a summary of Federal policy toward Indians and its effect on health services, and a description of the organizational structures and services of the IHS. Other topics are Federal expenditures for Indian health care and the health status of Indians as compared to the population as a whole. The second half of the report examines major issues in Federal-Indian health policy. Top priority issues are: eligibility and entitlement, resource allocation and scope of service, availability and adequacy of resources, and self-determination. For each issue there is a summary of the current situation, the IHS proposed change, and the options proposed by the Office of Technology Assessment. Additional issues discussed are: urban Indian health programs, congressional control of Federal Indian health care policies, and management issues concerning IHS. (JHZ)