The five chapters of this publication describe primary education in India. Chapter 1 reviews the historical background and structure of elementary education. Major topics include constitutional and legal provisions, the structure of education at school, non-formal education, school administration, planning, curriculum development, teacher training, and community involvement. Chapter 2 reports on progress and present status related to universalization of elementary education. Discussion focuses on universalization, progress achieved, primary and middle school enrollment, qualitative improvement, curriculum development and renewal, and expenditure on elementary education. Chapter 3 describes strategies for universalization of elementary education. Enrollment targets are described, measures envisaged and undertaken are reported, and future strategies are discussed. Chapter 4 reports significant new developments and programs. Topics addressed include the non-formal system of learning, development activities in community education and participation, comprehensive access to primary education, action research on universal primary education, education of special groups, primary curriculum renewal, early childhood education, utilization of mass media for school education, a rapport-based program of school improvement, and a program for enhancing the competence of teachers. Chapter 5 summarizes gains made and goals to be achieved. Tables of related data are appended. (RH)