There is a need for educational research even during financial difficulties. Wisdom and efficiency in spending, careful data collection, and collaboration among agencies should be important goals while resources are scarce. Considering the situation, this paper describes critical issues in elementary and secondary education and the manner in which national data collection efforts might address these issues effectively. The critical issues include the equal importance of equity and excellence as goals of American education. Several phenomena related to the goals of equity and excellence are discussed, including bilingual education, private schools, use of computers in schools, drop-outs, and the transition from school to work. A second major issue is the development of students from childhood through adolescence. Developmental issues include longitudinal studies, especially of elementary school children, preprimary school programs, and adolescent development. The quality of instruction, including teacher preparation and classroom processes, and public perceptions of education are discussed as well. A five-page reference list is included. (JAZ)