Philosophical thinking which has stood the test of time is summarized in this document. The rationale is that all students benefit from studies of philosophical thinking emphasizing moral standards. Thinkers included are: Plato, Aristotle, Peter Abelard, Francis Bacon, Sir Thomas More, Thomas Campanella, Thomas Hobbes, Benedict Spinoza, John Locke, Immanuel Kant, Friedrich Nietzche, William James, Friederich Hegel, Karl Marx, and Bertrand Russell. (BZ)