This review covers approximately 300 studies, including journal articles, dissertations, and papers presented at conferences. The studies are organized under these major headings: status surveys; scientific reasoning; elementary school science (student achievement, student conceptions/misconceptions, student curiosity/attitudes, teaching methods, and technology/microcomputers); junior high science (student achievement, student attitudes, student concepts/misconceptions, teaching methods, and others); high school general science (student characteristics, classroom behaviors, and curriculum); high school physical science (teaching methods, testing methods, and technology/microcomputers); high school earth science (student characteristics, teaching methods, and curriculum); high school biology (student characteristics, teaching methods, and others); high school chemistry (student conceptions/misconceptions, testing, and others); high school physics (student conceptions/misconceptions, student attitudes, teaching methods, curriculum, and testing); university geology; university biology (student characteristics, textbooks, problem-solving, curriculum, and others); university chemistry (teaching methods, curriculum, textbooks, and others); university physics (student conceptions/misconceptions, problem-solving, and others); informal science education; specific interests; preservice teacher education; inservice teacher education; and research methodology (clinical interviews, time-series, aptitude-treatment interaction, qualitative research, meta-analyses, and attitude measures). A bibliography of studies reviewed is included. (JN)