Comparative analysis of urban history illuminates similar general patterns of occcupation and residence for Blacks and Chicanos from the late nineteenth century to World War II. Distinct Black and Chicano neighborhoods in American cities were the products of "ghettoization" and "barrioization." Ghetto expansion during the early twentieth century was the result of rural-to-urban migration of southern Blacks, while barrios emerged because of the massive immigration from Mexico due to economic and political upheavals of the Mexican Revolution. While more overt racial legislation was directed toward Blacks, indices of residential segregation, socioeconomic status, ghetto and barrio subculture, segregative real estate covenants, and other similarities clearly emerge from comparative analysis. Analyses of occupational structure and immobility over time provide evidence that further distinguishes these two minorities from European immigrant groups. Although Blacks and Chicanos suffered similar disadvantages in the urban labor market as had prior immigrants (rural handicaps, lack of education, lack of job skills), additional circumstances of race and class that created and maintained their residential segregation account for their occupational segregation and immobility at the bottom of the occupational hierarchy, with males in unskilled, menial labor and females in domestic services. (NEC)