Results of the 1982-1983 Graduate Student Survey of physics and astronomy graduates in the United States are presented. Information is provided on the educational background, current graduate student status, choice of subfield, and employment prospects. Highlights include the following findings: an increase occurred in the proportion of foreign students among the physics doctorate recipients; an increase occurred in theoreticians among the advanced graduate physics students; and starting salaries for doctorate and terminal master's degree recipients increased 3 percent and 5 percent, respectively. Information is included on the following student characteristics for the total graduate population and separately for minority group students: sex, citizenship, professional society membership, major of bachelor's degree, type of bachelor's institution, type of graduate institution, full- or part-time attendance, and sources of financial support. Additional tables include: number of advanced graduate physics students specializing in selected experimental or theoretical subfields by years of graduate study completed; employment of doctoral graduates by citizenship; use of physics in potentially permanent employment of graduate degree recipients; and graduate astronomy students by subfield and years of graduate study. (SW)