In four chapters, this research report on computers in education examines computer hardware (the machinery) and software (or courseware, programmed instructions that tell the hardware what to do), classroom uses of computers, ways of bringing computers into the schools, and four districts that have successfully introduced computers into their schools. Chapter 1 discusses microcomputers, centrally located "mainframe" computers, and speech synthesizers. Educational courseware described includes such programs as drill and practice, simulation, tutorial, and problem-solving. Chapter 2 explains the two most significant applications of computers in schools: computer-assisted instruction (CAI) programs, which provide students a one-to-one learning environment, immediate attention, and feedback geared to abilities; and computer-managed instruction (CMI) programs, which enable teachers to monitor students' progress, diagnose problems, prescribe remedies, produce reports, and analyze curriculum effectiveness. The contributions of CAI and CMI to individualized instruction are also noted. Useful practical information for bringing computers into the classroom is considered in the next chapter, including implementation of computer literacy programs to overcome "computerphobia," evaluating and purchasing hardware and software, and integrating computers into the existing curriculum. Case studies from Illinois, Florida, Texas, and California are presented in the final chapter. (PB)