The four papers in this report summarize several research and development efforts currently being undertaken on behalf of the Government of Papua New Guinea. In the first paper, the Indigenous Mathematics Project, established in 1977 to investigate various aspects of traditional and Western mathematical development, is described. The intent of the five-year program was to carry out basic crosscultural cognitive development research, as well as to document indigenous counting, classification, and measurement systems used in the region, which might have differential effects on children's learning in mathematics at school. Pilot instructional materials were developed to assess the feasibility of utilizing indigenous mathematics as a basis for future curriculum development. Details of the implementation, including materials, sites, and procedures, are reported. The second paper provides a brief overview of the project, while the third paper describes the secondary mathematics curriculum development project in detail. Finally, national assessment of mathematics achievement in Papua New Guinea is discussed. (MNS)