There is a growing disparity between jobs' educational requirements and workers' educational attainments, and also an increasing underutilization of college-educated workers. Changes in the demand for educated labor arise from changes in the U.S. economy's industrial structure and from changes in particular jobs' educational requirements. Changes in industrial structure, which may be related to capitalism's needs regarding labor costs, technology, and workplace control, have reduced the proportion of both high- and low-skilled jobs. Meanwhile, the changing supply of educated labor, resulting from both employers' needs and workers' political struggles, is evidenced by the increase in college-educated U.S. workers. The supply of college-educated workers exceeds the demand. This disparity presents productivity problems. It also causes differences between job and worker characteristics that may lead to dissatisfaction and poor performance. Possible responses to these problems include decision-making changes to increase workers' control, technical changes in job design that retain employer control, or changes in educational practices. More research is needed, however, on the relationship of education to productivity and to unemployment and technological change, and on workplace utilization of education. (RW)