Labor continues to be an important factor in increased productivity. Mounting evidence shows that unionized workers are more productive than nonunionized workers and that unionization increases productivity in an establishment. Technological advances have resulted in jobs that require more technical preparation than a high school diploma or undergraduate degree. Eighteen of 19 jobs need technical training, work experience, or training in a particular skill or group of skills. Organized labor has moved to deal with technological changes through contract provisions and technological change clauses in collective bargaining agreements. A clearly articulated national policy is necessary to help schools keep pace with workers' training needs. Industry needs to develop and expand training programs, such as in-house training, on-the-job training, tuition aid programs, and apprenticeship. Organized labor and vocational education must cooperate to better train workers. Research concerns should include cooperation between vocational education and the apprenticeship system, promotion of sex equity by vocational education, and equal access to vocational education. (Questions and answers are appended.) (YLB)