The words cooperation and collaboration are often used interchangeably in describing the efforts of two institutions working together. The basic issue of whether or not collaboration is different from cooperation was confronted in a project in which a national education research center attempted to work with a large school district in a "collaborative mode." Based on an analysis of the situation and the literature, preliminary models are presented for explicating the processes of cooperation and collaboration. The models illustrate the need for clarifying participants' expectations of rewards, goals, commitments, and procedures. (MLF)