In recent years, there has been increasing interest in finding ways of promoting and evaluating structural knowledge (knowledge of how ideas, events, and principles are interrelated). Research has demonstrated that students' numerical judgments of the strength of relatedness among ideas drawn from a domain provide insights into how they have organized their knowledge of that domain. When these judgments are analyzed through multidimensional scaling, a graphic array can be generated in which highly related ideas are grouped together and less related ideas are located farther apart. These graphic arrays are called "cognitive maps" because they map out a student's understanding of the structural interrelationships that exist among ideas. The use of multidimensional scaling-produced cognitive maps provides a systematic way of presenting structural knowledge which, because of the sequential nature of traditional lectures and texts, might not otherwise be presented at all. (Authors/FG)