The problems of urban public schools and current reform efforts are examined in this issue of "FOCUS," a publication of the Educational Testing Service. Declining support from parents and teachers, budget cuts, declining enrollment and deficiencies in student performance in mathematics and science skills are among the problems discussed. The characteristics of effectively integrated schools are examined in light of changes in urban demography. The impact of Project Head Start competency-based education, and teacher improvement programs are also discussed. Fiscal problems, policy implications, and various school finance reform measures are outlined. (JCD)