Information on training and remediation activities for unemployed and underemployed persons is described and analyzed with emphasis on programs authorized by the Comprehensive Employment and Training Act (CETA). Chapter 1 overviews the dilemma of persons with employment and earnings problems and approaches to dealing with the problem. CETA, its training components, and its complicated legislative and programmatic structure are described in chapter 2. An overview is provided of activity levels and trends, allocation of training opportunities, and salient features of the various training approaches. Chapter 3 synthesizes findings from a wide range of evaluations concerning effectiveness of training activities, causal factors, and patterns of impact to determine why, how, and for whom, not just whether, training works. Focuses of chapter 4 are delivery and decision making. It attempts to determine how policy decisions, management approaches and systems, and institutional factors produce the results which have been analyzed in the preceding chapters and to determine how improvements can best be achieved. Chapter 5 summarizes and interprets the findings on training and its impacts as well as those concerning decision making and delivery. It discusses some controversial underlying issues and long-term options and provides detailed recommendations for immediate action. An index is provided. (YLB)