Two approaches to criterion-referenced measurement are described and contrasted--domain-referenced testing and mastery testing. This paper is organized according to ten issues or stages in test construction: (1) content domain specification; (2) item construction; (3) item domain specification; (4) item analysis; (5) item selection; (6) parallel forms assumption; (7) cutting score selection; (8) test validity; (9) test reliability; and (10) score interpretation. (Author/GDC)