The images, realities, and transitions of the American service academies are examined in this book. The contradictions between the classical Athens emphasis on well-educated and cultured individuals, and the Spartan emphasis on discipline, physical prowess, courage, and honor that have been inherent in the academies are brought to task. The service academies--the Coast Guard Academy, Air Force Academy, West Point, and Annapolis--are shown to have been long involved with the task of finding the synthesis point between the Athenian and Spartan philosophies. The effects of modern reform such as admission of women and minorities are examined. The study begins with a history of the academies up to World War II, followed by a discussion of the postwar environment that brought impetus for reform. Case studies discuss: the controversial deanship of Robert McDermott at the Air Force Academy; the superintendency of Garrison Davidson at West Point; the innovative command of Frank Leamy at New London; and the reforms of Charles Nelson and James Calvert at Annapolis. Suggestions for change are offered, but it is noted that they will be realized only if each academy is willing to undergo a massive reevaluation of its goals and purposes. Tables and figures provide statistical data, and an extensive index and chapter notes are included. (LC)