This study considers the ways in which recent major changes in Peruvian education (particularly primary education) will affect the organization and effectiveness of the school inspectorate. It also attempts to identify problems that are likely to arise as a result of the confrontation between traditional and new educational approaches and attitudes. Most of the data for the study were gathered by a UNESCO consultant during a 1973 study tour of the Lima, Cuzco, and Trujillo regions. The first section of the paper examines the present situation in Peruvian education and the changes in organization and content that are envisaged. The second and lengthiest section describes the school inspectorate and discusses its functions in light of the situation described in section 1. The third and final section summarizes the study's main conclusions. (JG)